Add C implementation of os.path.splitroot()

[barneygale]

Feature or enhancement

Speed up os.path.splitroot() by implementing it in C.

Pitch

Per @eryksun:

I think splitroot() warrants a C implementation since it's a required step in our basic path handling on Windows -- join(), split(), relpath(), and commonpath(). Speeding it up gives a little boost across the board. Also, it would be less confusing if nt._path_splitroot() actually implemented ntpath.splitroot().

If implemented, using _Py_splitroot() in _Py_normpath() would help to ensure consistency. Currently, for example, ntpath.normpath('//?/UNC/server/share/../..') is correct on POSIX but wrong on Windows because _Py_normpath() incorrectly handles "//?/UNC/" as the root instead of "//?/UNC/server/share/".

Previous discussion

• https://discuss.python.org/t/add-os-path-splitroot/22243
• Add os.path.splitroot() function #101000
• GH-80486: Fix handling of NTFS alternate data streams in pathlib #102454

Linked PRs

• gh-102511: Add C implementation of os.path.splitroot() #118089
• [3.12] gh-102511: Fix os.path.normpath() for UNC paths on Windows. #119394
• gh-102511: Amend 3.13.0b1.rst #119895
• [3.13] gh-102511: Amend 3.13.0b1.rst (GH-119895) #119980
• gh-102511: Change the os.path.splitroot param name from path back to p #124097
• [3.13] gh-102511: Change the os.path.splitroot param name from path back to p (GH-124097) #124919

[zooba]

I'd recommend making this a skiproot API rather than split, and just have it return the first index (or a pointer) after the root. This is very easy to convert into a split, but it also composes better with other APIs (e.g. _Py_normpath needs the index and not the text).

[eryksun]

Sounds good. We can use _Py_skiproot() in os__path_splitroot_impl() in "Modules/posixmodule.c".

Note that existing use of nt._path_splitroot() in importlib will have to be updated to handle the 3-way split (drive, root, rest) instead of (anchor, rest).

[barneygale]

I'm going to attempt to implement this, though my C is rather basic so it will take me some time.

Rough plan:

1. Make nt._path_splitroot() work like ntpath.splitroot(), i.e. return a 3-tuple. Adjust importlib. Use it in ntpath where available.
2. Add posix._path_splitroot(). Use it in posixpath where available.
3. Add _Py_skiproot(). Call it from _Py_normpath() and _path_splitroot()

Let me know if that doesn't sound right!

[eryksun]

Here's an overview of what I did to experiment with this idea. I started by adding a new _Py_skiproot() internal API function in "Python/fileutils.c":

PyAPI_FUNC(wchar_t *) _Py_skiproot(wchar_t *path, Py_ssize_t size,
                                   wchar_t **root);

I moved the existing root-skipping implementation from _Py_normpath() into _Py_skiproot() and modified it to implement returning rest and root. I also added support for extended "UNC" paths. I updated _Py_normpath() to use _Py_skiproot(). Once test_ntpath and test_posixpath were successful, I moved on to implement os._path_splitroot_ex in "Modules/posixmodule.c", which I used to implement ntpath.splitroot() and posixpath.splitroot(). I again verified that test_ntpath and test_posixpath were successful.

I retained the old os._path_splitroot implementation that's used by importlib. I plan to modify importlib to use the new implementation, but only if benchmarking demonstrates that making splitroot() a builtin function is worthwhile in general. If so, I'll remove the old implementation and rename the new one to os._path_splitroot.

My initial comparison shows that, when splitting "//server/share/spam/eggs", the new builtin _path_splitroot_ex() is about 4 times faster than the fallback implementation on Windows, and it's about 1.7 times faster than the fallback implementation on Linux.

[barneygale]

My C isn't good enough for this, so someone else please feel free to take a stab at it!